Scottish English refers to the varieties In sociolinguistics a variety, also called a lect, is a form of a language used by speakers of that language. This may include dialects, accents, registers, styles or other sociolinguistic variation, as well as the standard language variety itself. "Variety" avoids the terms language, which many people associate only with the standard of English English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into South-East Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria. Following the economic, political, military, scientific, cultural, and colonial influence of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from the 18th century, and of spoken in Scotland Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland. It may or may not include Scots Scots is the Germanic language variety traditionally spoken in Lowland Scotland and parts of Ulster. It is sometimes called Lowland Scots to distinguish it from Scottish Gaelic, the Celtic language variety spoken in most of the western Highlands and in the Hebrides depending on the observer.^[1]

The main, formal variety is called Scottish Standard English^[2][3] or Standard Scottish English.^[4][5] However, Scottish English does have some distinctive vocabulary, particularly pertaining to Scottish institutions such as the Church of Scotland The Church of Scotland, known informally by its Scots language name, The Kirk, is a Presbyterian church, decisively shaped by the Scottish Reformation, local government Local government in Scotland is organised through 32 unitary authorities consisting of councillors elected every four years by registered voters in each of the council areas and the education Scotland has a long history of universal provision of public education, and the Scottish education system is distinctly different from other parts of the United Kingdom and legal Scots law is a unique legal system which has roots in various different sources of law. Up until the mid-tenth century, the law in Scotland was almost certainly Celtic, but after that point, feudal and canon law gradually took over. On succeeding to the throne in 1124, King David I introduced elements of Anglo-Norman laws and legal institutions, systems.

Scottish Standard English is at one end of a bipolar linguistic continuum, with focused broad Scots Scots is the Germanic language variety traditionally spoken in Lowland Scotland and parts of Ulster. It is sometimes called Lowland Scots to distinguish it from Scottish Gaelic, the Celtic language variety spoken in most of the western Highlands and in the Hebrides at the other.^[6] Scottish English may be influenced to varying degrees by Scots.^[1][7] Many Scots speakers separate Scots and Scottish English as different registers In linguistics, a register is a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting. For example, an English speaker may adhere more closely to prescribed grammar, pronounce words ending in -ing with a velar nasal instead of an alveolar nasal , choose more formal words (e.g. train vs. choo-choo, sodium chloride vs depending on social circumstances.^[8] Some speakers code switch Code-switching is a linguistics term denoting the concurrent use of more than one language, or language variety, in conversation. Multilinguals, people who speak more than one language, sometimes use elements of multiple languages in conversing with each other. Thus, code-switching is the syntactically and phonologically appropriate use of more clearly from one to the other while others style shift Style-shifting is a term in sociolinguistics referring to alternation between styles of speech included in a linguistic repertoire of an individual speaker. As noted by Eckert and Rickford, in sociolinguistic literature terms style and register sometimes have been used interchangeably. Also, various connotations of style are a subject of study in in a less predictable and more fluctuating manner.^[8] Generally there is a shift to Scottish English in formal situations or with individuals of a higher social status.^[9]

Background

Scottish English is the result of language contact Language contact occurs when two or more languages or varieties interact. The study of language contact is called contact linguistics between Scots and the Standard English Standard English is a form of the English language that is accepted as a national norm. It encompasses grammar, vocabulary, and spelling. In Britain, it is often associated with the RP accent, and in the United States with the General American accent but in fact can be spoken with any pronunciation of England after the 17th century. The resulting shift to English by Scots-speakers resulted in many phonological compromises and lexical transfers, often mistaken for mergers In historical linguistics, phonological change is any sound change which alters the number or distribution of phonemes in a language by linguists unfamiliar with the history of Scottish English.^[10] Furthermore, the process was also influenced by interdialectal forms, hypercorrections In linguistics, hypercorrection is defined as usage of pronunciation or linguistic rule that many informed users of a language consider incorrect, but that the speaker or writer uses through misunderstanding of prescriptive rules, often combined with a desire to seem formal or educated and spelling pronunciations A spelling pronunciation is a pronunciation that, instead of reflecting the way the word was pronounced by previous generations of speakers, is a rendering in sound of the word's spelling. Spelling pronunciations compete, often effectively, with the older traditional pronunciation.^[11] (See Phonology below.)

Phonology

The speech of the middle classes in Scotland tends to conform to the grammatical norms of the written standard, particularly in situations that are regarded as formal. Highland English Highland English is the variety of Scottish English spoken by many in the Scottish Highlands, more heavily influenced by Gaelic than most other Scottish English dialects. Island English is the variety spoken as a second language by native Gaelic speakers in the Outer Hebrides. The varieties of English spoken in the Highlands can be divided into is slightly different from the variety spoken in the Lowlands The Scottish Lowlands , although not officially a geographical area of the country, in normal usage is generally meant to include those parts of Scotland not referred to as the Highlands (or Gàidhealtachd), that is, everywhere due south and east of a line (the Highland Boundary Fault) between Stonehaven and Helensburgh (on the Firth of Clyde) in that it is more phonologically, grammatically, and lexically influenced by a Gaelic 92,400 people aged three and over in Scotland had some Gaelic language ability in 2001 with an additional 2,000 in Nova Scotia. 1,610 speakers in the United States in 2000. 822 in Australia in 2001. 669 in New Zealand in 2006 substratum In linguistics, a stratum or strate is a language that influences, or is influenced by another through contact. A substratum is a language which has lower power or status than another, while a superstratum is the language that has higher power or status. Both substratum and superstratum languages influence each other, but in different ways. An.

While pronunciation features vary among speakers (depending on region and social status), there are a number of phonological aspects characteristic of Scottish English:

• Scottish English is a rhotic accent English pronunciation can be divided into two main accent groups: A rhotic speaker pronounces the letter R in hard; a non-rhotic speaker does not pronounce it in hard. That is, rhotic speakers pronounce /r/ in all positions, while non-rhotic speakers pronounce /r/ only if it is followed by a vowel sound in the same phrase or prosodic unit (see &, meaning /r/ is pronounced in the syllable coda. As with Received Pronunciation Received Pronunciation , also called the Queen's (or King's) English and BBC English, is the accent of Standard English in England, with a relationship to regional accents similar to that of other European languages. Although there is nothing intrinsic about RP that marks it as superior to any other variety, sociolinguistic factors give Received, /r/ may be an alveolar approximant The alveolar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents alveolar and postalveolar approximants is ‹ɹ›, a lowercase letter r rotated 180 degrees; the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ‹r\› [ɹ], although it is also common that a speaker will use an alveolar tap The alveolar tap or flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar flaps is ɾ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is 4 [ɾ]. Less common is use of the alveolar trill The alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar trills is [r], and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r. It is informally and commonly called the rolling R or rolled R. Quite often, /r/ is used in phonemic [r] (hereafter, <r> will be used to denote any rhotic consonant).
  • While other dialects have merged /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ʌ/ before /r/, Scottish English makes a distinction between the vowels in herd, bird, and curd.
  • Many varieties contrast /o/ and /ɔ/ before /r/ so that hoarse and horse are pronounced differently.
  • /or/ and /ur/ are contrasted so that shore and sure are pronounced differently, as are pour and poor.
  • /r/ before /l/ is strong. An epenthetic In phonology, epenthesis is the addition of one or more sounds to a word, especially to the interior of a word. Epenthesis may be divided into two types: excrescence (if the sound added is a consonant) and anaptyxis (if the sound added is a vowel) vowel may occur between /r/ and /l/ so that girl and world are two-syllable words for some speakers. The same may occur between /r/ and /m/, between /r/ and /n/, and between /l/and /m/.
• There is a distinction between /w/ and /hw/ in word pairs such as witch and which.
• The phoneme /x/ is common in names and in SSE's many Gaelic and Scots borrowings, so much so that it is often taught to incomers, particularly for "ch" in loch. Some Scottish speakers use it in words of Greek origin as well, such as technical, patriarch, etc. The pronunciation of these words in the original Greek would support this. (Wells 1982, 408).
• /l/ is usually velarized Velarization is a secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, velarization is transcribed by one of three diacritics: (see dark l The velarized alveolar lateral approximant, which may actually be pharyngealized, also known as dark l, is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. Velarization/Pharyngealization is generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants so that dark l tends to be dental or denti-alveolar while clear l tends to) except in borrowings like "glen" (from [[Scottish Gaelic "gleann") which had unvelarized l in their original form. In areas where Scottish Gaelic 92,400 people aged three and over in Scotland had some Gaelic language ability in 2001 with an additional 2,000 in Nova Scotia. 1,610 speakers in the United States in 2000. 822 in Australia in 2001. 669 in New Zealand in 2006 was spoken until relatively recently (such as Dumfries Dumfries (from the Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Phris) is a market town and former royal burgh within the Dumfries and Galloway council area of Scotland and is situated close to the Solway Firth, near the mouth of the River Nith. Dumfries was the county town of the former county of Dumfriesshire. People from Dumfries are known colloquially as Doonhamers and Galloway Galloway is an area in southwestern Scotland. It usually refers to the former counties of Wigtown (or historically West Galloway) and Kirkcudbright (or historically East Galloway). It is part of the Dumfries and Galloway council area of Scotland) and in areas where it is still spoken (such as the West Highlands), velarization of /l/ may be absent in many words in which it is present in other areas, but remains in borrowings that had velarized /l/ in Gaelic, such as "loch" (Gaelic "loch") and "clan" (Gaelic "clann").
• Vowel length In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a vowel sound. Often the chroneme, or the "longness", acts like a consonant, and may etymologically be one such as in Australian English. While not distinctive in most dialects of English, vowel length is an important phonemic factor in many other languages, for instance in Arabic, is generally regarded as non-phonemic, although a distinctive part of Scottish English is the Scots vowel length rule (Scobbie et al. 1999). Certain vowels (such as /i/, /u/, and /æ/ are generally long but are shortened before nasals A nasal consonant is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. The oral cavity still acts as a resonance chamber for the sound, but the air does not escape through the mouth as it is blocked by the lips or tongue. Rarely, other types of consonants may be nasalized and voiced plosives A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. The terms plosive and stop are usually used interchangeably, but they are not perfect synonyms. Plosives are oral stops with a pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism. The term is also used to describe oral stops. Many use the term nasal. However, this does not occur across morpheme boundaries so that crude contrasts with crewed, need with kneed and side with sighed.
• Scottish English has no /ʊ/, instead transferring Scots /u/. Phonetically, this vowel may be pronounced [ʉ] or even [ʏ]. Thus pull and pool are homophones.
• Cot and caught are not differentiated in most Central Scottish varieties, as they are in some other varieties.^[12]
• In most varieties, there is no /æ/:/ɑː/ distinction; therefore, bath, trap, and palm have the same vowel.^[12]
• The happY vowel is most commonly /e/ (as in face), but may also be /ɪ/ (as in kit) or /i/ (as in fleece).^[13]
• /θs/ is often used in plural nouns where southern English has /ðz/ (baths, youths, etc); with and booth are pronounced with θ. (See Pronunciation of English th In English, the digraph ‹th› represents in most cases one of two different phonemes: the voiced dental fricative /ð/ and the voiceless dental fricative /θ/ (thing). More rarely, it can stand for /t/ (Thailand) or the consonant cluster /t.h/ (lighthouse) or, in some dialects, even the affricate /tθ/ (eighth).)
• In colloquial speech, the glottal stop The glottal stop, or more fully, the voiceless glottal plosive, is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. In English the feature is represented for example by the hyphen in uh-oh! and by the apostrophe or ʻokina in Hawaiʻi among those attempting an authentic pronunciation of that name may be an allophone of /t/ after a vowel, as in [ˈbʌʔər]. These same speakers may "drop the g" in the suffix -ing and debuccalize /θ/ to [h] in certain contexts.
• /ɪ/ may be more open for certain speakers in some regions, so that it sounds more like [ɛ] (although /ɪ/ and /ɛ/ do not merge). Other speakers may pronounce it as [ɪ], just like in many other accents, or with a schwa-like ([ə]) quality. Others may pronounce it almost as [ʌ] in certain environments, particularly after /w/ and /hw/.

Correspondence between the IPA help key and Scottish English vowels (many individual words do not correspond)

Pure vowels
Help key	Scottish	Examples
/ɪ/	/ɪ/	bid, pit
/iː/	/i/	bead, peat
/ɛ/	/ɛ/	bed, pet
/eɪ/	/e/	bay, hey, fate
/æ/	/a/	bad, pat
/ɑː/		balm, father, pa
/ɒ/	/ɔ/	bod, pot, cot
/ɔː/		bawd, paw, caught
/oʊ/	/o/	beau, hoe, poke
/ʊ/	/ʉ/	good, foot, put
/uː/		booed, food
/ʌ/	/ʌ/	bud, putt
Diphthongs In phonology, a diphthong, pronounced /ˈdɪf.θɒŋ/ or /ˈdɪp.θɒŋ/, (from Greek δίφθογγος, diphthongos, literally "two sounds" or "two tones") refers to two adjacent vowel sounds occurring within the same syllable. In most dialects of English, the words eye, boy, and cow contain examples of diphthongs
/аɪ/	/ae/ ~ /əi/	buy, ride, write
/aʊ/	/ʌu/	how, pout
/ɔɪ/	/oi/	boy, hoy
/juː/	/jʉ/	hue, pew, new
R-colored vowels In phonetics, an R-colored vowel is a vowel that is modified in one of two ways: either by the tip or blade of the tongue being turned up during at least part of the articulation of the vowel or by the back of the tongue being bunched. (Both articulations produce basically the same auditory effect, a lowering in frequency of the third formant.) In (these do not exist in Scots)
/ɪr/	/ɪr/	mirror (also in fir)
/ɪər/	/ir/	beer, mere
/ɛr/	/ɛr/	berry, merry (also in her)
/ɛər/	/er/	bear, mare, Mary
/ær/	/ar/	barrow, marry
/ɑr/		bar, mar
/ɒr/	/ɔr/	moral, forage
/ɔr/		born, for
/ɔər/	/or/	boar, four, more
/ʊər/	/ur/	boor, moor
/ʌr/	/ʌr/	hurry, Murray (also in fur)
/ɜr/ (ɝ)	/ɪr/, /ɛr/, /ʌr/	bird, herd, furry
Reduced vowels In English, vowel reduction is the centralization and weakening of an unstressed vowel, such as the characteristic change of many vowels at the ends of words to schwa. Stressed vowels are never reduced in English
/ɨ/		roses, business
/ə/	/ə/	Rosa’s, cuppa
/ər/ (ɚ)	/ər/	runner, mercer

Scotticisms

Scotticisms are idioms or expressions that are characteristic of Scots.^[14] They are more likely to occur in spoken than written language.^[15]

Scotticisms are generally divided into two types:^[16] covert Scotticisms, which generally go unnoticed as being particularly Scottish by those using them, and overt Scotticisms, usually used for stylistic effect, with those using them aware of their Scottish nature.

Lexical

Scottish English has inherited a number of lexical items from Scots,^[17] which are comparatively rare in other forms of standard English.^{[citation needed]}

General items are outwith, meaning "outside of"; wee, the Scots word for small (also common in New Zealand English New Zealand English is the form of the English language used in New Zealand); pinkie for little finger and janitor for caretaker (pinkie and janitor are standard in American English American English is a set of dialects of the English language used mostly in the United States. Approximately two thirds of native speakers of English live in the United States). Examples of culturally specific items are caber The caber toss is a traditional Scottish athletic event practiced at the Scottish Highland Games involving the tossing of a large wooden pole called a caber, similar to a telephone pole or power pole, haggis Haggis is a traditional Scottish dish. There are many recipes, most of which have in common the following ingredients: sheep's 'pluck' , minced with onion, oatmeal, suet, spices, and salt, mixed with stock, and traditionally boiled in the animal's stomach for approximately three hours, teuchter, ned and landward for rural; It's your shot for "It's your turn".

The use of "How?" meaning "Why?" is distinctive of Scottish, Northern English Northern English is a group of dialects of the English language. It includes the North East England dialects, which is similar in some respects to Scots. Among the other dialects are Cumbrian, Tyke , Lanky (Dialect of Lancashire) and Scouse. Northern English shows Viking influence because the area was all north of the Danelaw. Norwegian has had a and Northern Irish English Mid Ulster English or simply Ulster English is the dialect of most people in the Province of Ulster in Ireland, including those in the two main cities of Belfast and Derry. The dialect has been greatly influenced by Ulster Irish, but also by the languages of the Scots who arrived during the plantations – this includes the Scots and Scottish. "Why not?" is often rendered as "How not?".

There is a range of (often anglicised) legal and administrative vocabulary inherited from Scots^[18] e.g. depute /ˈdɛpjut/ for deputy, proven Not proven is a verdict available to a court in Scotland /ˈproːvən/ for proved (standard in American English), interdict for injunction and sheriff substitute for acting sheriff.

Often, lexical differences between Scottish English and Southern Standard English are simply differences in the distribution of shared lexis, such as stay for "live" (as in: where do you stay?).

Grammatical

The progressive verb forms are used rather more frequently than in other varieties of standard English, for example with some stative verbs A stative verb is one which asserts that one of its arguments has a particular property . Statives differ from other aspectual classes of verbs in that they are static; they have no duration and no distinguished endpoint. Verbs which are not stative are often called dynamic verbs (I'm wanting a drink). The future progressive frequently implies an assumption (You'll be coming from Glasgow).

In some areas perfect aspect of a verb is indicated using "be" as auxiliary with the preposition "after" and the present participle: for example "He is after going" instead of "He has gone" (this construction is borrowed from Scottish Gaelic 92,400 people aged three and over in Scotland had some Gaelic language ability in 2001 with an additional 2,000 in Nova Scotia. 1,610 speakers in the United States in 2000. 822 in Australia in 2001. 669 in New Zealand in 2006).

Prepositions are often used differently. The compound preposition off of is often used (Take that off of the table).

In colloquial speech shall and ought are wanting, must is marginal for obligation and may is rare. Many syntactical features of SSE are found in other forms of English, e.g. English language in England and North American English:

• What age are you? for "How old are you?"
• My hair is needing washed or My hair needs washed for "My hair needs washing" or "My hair needs to be washed".
• Amn't I invited? for Am I not invited

Note that in Scottish English, the first person declarative I amn't invited and interrogative Amn't I invited? are both possible. Contrast English language in England, which has Aren't I? but no contracted declarative form. (All varieties have I'm not invited.)

See also

• Dialect
• Diasystem
• Languages in the United Kingdom
• Scots Language
• Regional accents of English speakers
• Scottish Corpus of Texts and Speech
• Mid Ulster English
• Hiberno-English

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Stuart-Smith J. Scottish English: Phonology in Varieties of English: The British Isles, Kortman & Upton (Eds), Mouton de Gruyter, New York 2008. p.48
2. ^ "The SCOTS Corpus contains documents in Scottish Standard English, documents in different varieties of Scots, and documents which may be described as lying somewhere between Scots and Scottish Standard English.", Scottish Corpus of Texts and Speech
3. ^ "... Scottish Standard English, the standard form of the English language spoken in Scotland", Ordnance Survey
4. ^ [1]
5. ^ Although there is some debate about the usefulness of the word standard here, most academics^[who?] agree on the use of the abbreviation SSE in order to distinguish the variety from the geographically English Standard English, which is normally abbreviated to SE.
6. ^ Stuart-Smith J. Scottish English: Phonology in Varieties of English: The British Isles, Kortman & Upton (Eds), Mouton de Gruyter, New York 2008. p.47
7. ^ Macafee C. Scots in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Vol. 11, Elsevier, Oxford, 2005. p.33
8. ^ ^{a b} Aitken A.J. Scottish Speech in Languages of Scotland, Association for Scottish Literary Studies, Occasional Paper 4, Edinburgh:Chambers 1979. p.85
9. ^ Aitken A.J. Scottish Speech in Languages of Scotland, Association for Scottish Literary Studies, Occasional Paper 4, Edinburgh:Chambers 1979. p.86
10. ^ Macafee, C. (2004). "Scots and Scottish English.". in In Hikey R.(ed.),. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: CUP. p. 60-61
11. ^ Macafee, C. (2004). "Scots and Scottish English.". in In Hikey R.(ed.),. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: CUP. p.61
12. ^ ^{a b} Wells, pp. 399 ff.
13. ^ Wells, p. 405.
14. ^ Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. http://www.oed.com. Retrieved 2008-04-21. "An idiom or mode of expression characteristic of Scots; esp. as used by a writer of English."
15. ^ Aitken A.J. Scottish Speech in Languages of Scotland, Association for Scottish Literary Studies, Occasional Paper 4, Edinburgh:Chambers 1979. p.105
16. ^ Aitken, A.J. Scottish Accents and Dialects in Trudgil, P. Language in the British Isles. 1984. p.105-108
17. ^ Aitken A.J. Scottish Speech in Languages of Scotland, Association for Scottish Literary Studies, Occasional Paper 4, Edinburgh:Chambers 1979. p.106-107
18. ^ Murison, David (1977, ²1978) The Guid Scots Tongue, Edinburgh, William Blackwood, pp. 53-54

• Abercrombie, D. (1979). "The accents of Standard English in Scotland.". in In A. J. Aitken & T. McArthur (eds.),. Languages of Scotland. Edinburgh: Chambers. pp. 65–84.
• Aitken, A. J. (1979) "Scottish speech: a historical view with special reference to the Standard English of Scotland" in A. J. Aitken and Tom McArthur eds. Languages of Scotland, Edinburgh: Chambers, 85-118. Updated in next.
• Corbett, John, J. Derrick McClure, and Jane Stuart-Smith (eds.) (2003). Edinburgh Student Companion to Scots. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1596-2.
• Foulkes, Paul; & Docherty, Gerard. J. (Eds.) (1999). Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles. London: Arnold. ISBN 0-340-70608-2.
• Macafee, C. (2004). "Scots and Scottish English.". in Hikey R.(ed.),. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: CUP.
• Hughes, A., Trudgill, P. & Watt, D. (Eds.) (2005). English Accents and Dialects (4th Ed.). London: Arnold. ISBN 0-340-88718-4.
• Scobbie, James M., Nigel Hewlett, and Alice Turk (1999). "Standard English in Edinburgh and Glasgow: The Scottish Vowel Length Rule revealed.". in Paul Foulkes & Gerard J. Docherty (eds.),. Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles. London: Arnold. pp. 230–245.
• Scobbie, James M., Olga B. Gordeeva, and Benjamin Matthews (2007). "Scottish English Speech Acquisition.". in Sharynne McLeod (ed.),. The International Guide to Speech Acquisition.. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning. pp. 221–240.
• Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22919-7 (vol. 1), ISBN 0-521-24224-X (vol. 2), ISBN 0-521-24225-8 (vol. 3).

External links

• Listen to BBC Radio Scotland Live (many presenters, such as Robbie Shepherd, have a noticeable Scottish accent)
• 'Hover & Hear' pronunciations in a Standard Scottish accent, and compare side by side with other English accents from Scotland and around the World.
• BBC Voices - Listen to a lot of the voice recordings from many parts of the UK
• Scottish Corpus of Texts & Speech - Multimedia corpus of Scots and Scottish English
• The Speech Science Research Centre at Queen Margaret University in Edinburgh.
• Sounds Familiar? – Listen to examples of Scottish English and other regional accents and dialects of the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website

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